Dragon
The dragon is a mythical creature typically depicted as a gigantic and powerful serpent or other reptile with magical or spiritual qualities.Overview
As with every mythological creature, dragons are perceived in different ways by different cultures. Dragons are sometimes said to breathe and spit fire or even acid or ice (depending on the type). They are commonly portrayed as serpentine or reptilian, hatching from eggs and possessing extremely large, typically feathered or scaly bodies; they are sometimes portrayed as having large yellow or red eyes, a feature that is the origin for the word for dragon in many cultures, and are often (but not always) portrayed with a row of dorsal spines, bat-like wings and fiery breath. Some dragons do not have wings at all, but look more like long snakes, such as Asian versions of the dragon, sometimes called the Lung. Dragons can have a variable number of legs: none, two, four, or more when it comes to early European literature. Modern depictions of dragons are very large in size,up to 50 miles in length, but some early European depictions of dragons were only the size of bears, or, in some cases, even smaller, around the size of a butterfly or even a flea.
Although dragons (or dragon-like creatures) occur in many legends around the world, different cultures have varying stories about monsters that have been grouped together under the dragon label. Chinese dragons (simplified Chinese: 龙; traditional Chinese: 龍; pinyin: lóng), and Eastern dragons generally, are usually seen as benevolent, whereas European dragons are usually malevolent (there are of course exceptions to these rules). Malevolent dragons also occur in Persian mythology (see Azhi Dahaka) and other cultures.
Dragons are particularly popular in China, and along with the phoenix, the 5-clawed dragon was a symbol of the Chinese emperors. Dragon costumes manipulated by several people are a common sight at Chinese festivals.
Dragons are often held to have major spiritual significance in various religions and cultures around the world. In many Eastern and Native American cultures dragons were, and in some cultures still are, revered as representative of the primal forces of nature, religion and the universe. Many pre-Columbian cultures were fascinated by the power of dragons. The Moche people depicted dragons frequently in their ceramics. [1] They are associated with wisdom—often said to be wiser than humans—and longevity. They are commonly said to possess some form of magic or other supernatural power, and are often associated with wells, rain, and rivers. In some cultures, they are also said to be capable of human speech.
The term dragoon, for infantry that move around by horse yet still fight as foot soldiers, is derived from their early firearm, the "dragon", a wide-bore musket that spat flame when it fired, and was thus named for the mythical creature.
[edit] Symbolism
In medieval symbolism, dragons were often symbolic of apostasy and treachery, but also of anger and envy, and eventually symbolized great calamity. Several heads were symbolic of decadence and oppression, and also of heresy. They also served as symbols for independence, leadership and strength. Many dragons also represent wisdom; slaying a dragon not only gave access to its treasure hoard, but meant the hero had bested the most cunning of all creatures. In some cultures, especially Chinese, or around the Himalayas, dragons are considered to represent good luck and fortune.
Joseph Campbell in the The Power of Myth viewed the dragon as a symbol of divinity or transcendence, arguing that it represents the unity of Heaven and Earth by combining the serpent form (earthbound) with the bat/bird form (airborne).
Yet another symbolic view of dragons is the Ouroborus, or the dragon encircling and eating its own tail. When shaped like this the dragon becomes a symbol of eternity, natural cycles, and completion.
[edit] Chinese zodiac
The years 1916, 1928, 1940, 1952, 1964, 1976, 1988, 2000, 2012, 2024, 2036, 2048, 2060 etc. (every 12 years — 8 AD) are considered the Year of the Dragon in the Chinese zodiac.
The Chinese zodiac purports that people born in the Year of the Dragon are healthy, energetic, excitable, short-tempered, and stubborn. They are also honest, sensitive, brave, and inspire confidence and trust. They are the most eccentric of any in the eastern zodiac. They neither borrow money nor make flowery speeches, but tend to be soft-hearted, which sometimes gives others an advantage over them. They are compatible with people whose zodiac sign is of the rat, snake, monkey, and rooster.
[edit] In Christianity
The Latin word for a dragon, draco (genitive: draconis), actually means snake or serpent, emphasizing the European association of dragons with snakes, not lizards or dinosaurs as they are commonly associated with today. The Medieval Biblical interpretation of the Devil being associated with the serpent who tempted Adam and Eve, thus gave a snake-like dragon connotations of evil. Generally speaking, Biblical literature itself did not portray this association (save for the Book of Revelation, whose treatment of dragons is detailed below). The demonic opponents of God, Christ, or Believers have commonly been portrayed as reptilian or chimeric.
In the Book of Job Chapters 40-41, there are references to a sea monster Leviathan, which has some dragon-like characteristics, as well as a giant lumbering vegetarian animal called Behemoth.
In Revelation 12:3, an enormous red beast with seven heads is described, whose tail sweeps one third of the stars from heaven down to earth (held to be symbolic of the fall of the angels, though not commonly held among biblical scholars). In most translations, the word "dragon" is used to describe the beast, since in the original Greek the word used is drakon (δράκων).
Christian creation scientists claim that dragons mentioned in the Bible[2] are, in fact, dinosaurs (the term itself was not invented until 1841), which they say lived at the same time as humans. In fact, the description of the Behemoth is very similar to either a Diplodocus or a Brachiosaurus, while the Leviathan appears to have been some sort of large fire-breathing animal; just as the small bombardier beetle has an explosion-producing mechanism, creation scientists speculate that the great sea-dragon may have had an explosion-producing mechanism to enable it to be a real fire breathing dragon.[3]
In iconography, some Catholic saints are depicted in the act of killing a dragon. This is one of the common aspects of Saint George in Egyptian Coptic iconography,[4] on the coat of arms of Moscow, and in English and Catalan legend. Between 1346 and 1578, annual Catholic processions at Amsterdam regularly included a man on horseback representing Saint George and dragging behind him a carefully-prepared, large "slain dragon" - a tradition cut off with the advent of Calvinism in the Dutch capital. [5]
In Italy, Saint Mercurialis, first bishop of the city of Forlì, is also depicted slaying a dragon.[6] Saint Julian of Le Mans, Saint Veran, Saint Bienheuré, Saint Crescentinus, and Saint Leonard of Noblac were also venerated as dragon-slayers. In Medieval and Renaissance artworks, Saint Matthew, Saint Martha, Saint Sylvester, Saint Margaret, and Saint Philip the Apostle are all depicted as overcoming dragons.[7]
Often statues of saints and other holy people are dipicted with a dragon underneath their feet. However this practice is not rooted in holy texts, but rather in cultural tradition.
[edit] Speculation on the origins of dragons
Most experts on mythology and folklore argue that legends of dragons are based upon ordinary snakes and similar creatures coupled with common psychological fears amongst disparate groups of humans.
Some believe that the dragon may have had a real-life counterpart from which the various legends arose — typically dinosaurs or other archosaurs are mentioned as a possibility — but there is no physical evidence to support this claim, only alleged sightings collected by cryptozoologists. Some cryptozoologists, such as Loren Coleman argue that monitor lizards were the basis of some dragon tales and that the breath of the dragon is the fantastic imagery of the steam from the warm Montane Valley monitors emerging from a body of water into the cold air of some Asian locations.
Others basing their thoughts in psychological theories feel dragons are mental manifestations representing a conflation of inherent human fears of snakes, wildcats, birds of prey, and including teeth, claws, horns, size, and even venom blending with fear of wildfire.[8]
Dinosaur and mammalian fossils were occasionally mistaken as the bones of dragons and other mythological creatures — for example, a discovery in 300 BC in Wucheng, Sichuan, China, was labeled as such by Chang Qu.[9] It is unlikely, however, that these finds alone prompted the legends of such monsters, but they may have served to reinforce them.[citation needed]
[edit] Dragons in world mythology
 Zmey Gorynych, the dragon of the Slavic mythology. It's name is translated as "Snake son-of-mountain", it has three heads, wings, and it spits fire. |  Dragon carving on Hopperstad stave church, Norway |  The ancient Mesopotamian god Marduk and his dragon, from a Babylonian cylinder seal |  Saint George slaying the dragon, as depicted by Paolo Uccello, c. 1470 |
 The red dragon of Wales, Y Ddraig Goch, on the Flag of Wales |
| Asian dragons | |||
| Indonesian dragon | Naga or Nogo | Naga is a mythical animal from Indonesian mythology, and the myth encompasses almost all of the islands of Indonesia, especially those who were influenced heavily by Hindu culture(including Malaya. in fact, the word 'Naga' is a common noun for dragon in Malay). Like its Indian counterpart, it is considered as divine in nature, benevolent, and often associated with sacred mountains, forests, or certain parts of the sea. | |
| Chinese dragon | Lóng (or Loong. "Lung" being an inaccurate, but commonly used, romanization.) | The Chinese dragon, is a mythical Chinese creature that also appears in other East Asian cultures, and is also sometimes called the Oriental (or Eastern) dragon. Depicted as a long, snake-like creature with four claws, it has long been a potent symbol of auspicious power in Chinese folklore and art. | |
| Japanese dragon | Ryū | Similar to Chinese dragons, with three claws instead of four. They are benevolent (with exceptions), associated with water, and may grant wishes. | |
| Philippine Dragon | Bakonawa | The Bakonawa appears as a gigantic serpent that lives in the sea. Ancient natives believed that the Bakonawa caused the moon or the sun to disappear during an eclipse. It is said that during certain times of the year, the bakonawa arises from the ocean and proceeds to swallow the moon whole. To keep the Bakonawa from completely eating the moon, the natives would go out of their houses with pans and pots in hand and make a noise barrage in order to scare the Bakonawa into spitting out the moon back into the sky. | |
| Korean dragon | Yong | A sky dragon, essentially the same as the Chinese lóng. Like the lóng, yong and the other Korean dragons are associated with water and weather. | |
| yo | A hornless ocean dragon, sometimes equated with a sea serpent. | ||
| kyo | A mountain dragon. | ||
| Vietnamese dragon | Rồng or Long | These dragons' bodies curve lithely, in sine shape, with 12 sections, symbolising 12 months in the year. They are able to change the weather, and are responsible for crops. On the dragon's back are little, uninterrupted, regular fins. The head has a long mane, beard, prominent eyes, crest on nose, but no horns. The jaw is large and opened, with a long, thin tongue; they always keep a châu (gem/jewel) in their mouths (a symbol of humanity, nobility and knowledge). | |
| Siberian dragon | Yilbegan | Related to European Turkic and Slavic dragons | |
| European dragons | |||
| Sardinian dragon | scultone | The dragon named "scultone" or "ascultone" was a legend in Sardinia, Italy for many a millennium. It had the power to kill human beings with its gaze. It was a sort of basilisk, lived in the bush and was immortal. | |
| Scandinavian & Germanic dragons | Lindworm | Lindworms are serpent-like dragons with either two or no legs. In Nordic and Germanic heraldry, the lindworm looks the same as a wyvern. The dragon Fafnir was a lindworm. | |
| Hungarian dragons (Sárkányok) | zomok | A great snake living in a swamp, which regularly kills pigs or sheep. A group of shepherds can easily kill them. | |
| sárkánykígyó | A giant winged snake, which is in fact a full-grown zomok. It often serves as flying mount of the garabonciás (a kind of magician). The sárkánykígyó rules over storms and bad weather. | ||
| sárkány | A dragon in human form. Most of them are giants with multiple heads. Their strength is held in their heads. They become gradually weaker as they lose their heads. | ||
| Slavic dragons | zmey, zmiy, żmij, змей, or zmaj, or drak, or smok | Similar to the conventional European dragon, but multi-headed. They breathe fire and/or leave fiery wakes as they fly. In Slavic and related tradition, dragons symbolize evil. Specific dragons are often given Turkic names (see Zilant, below), symbolizing the long-standing conflict between the Slavs and Turks. However, in Serbian and Bulgarian folklore, dragons are defenders of the crops in their home regions, fighting against a destructive demon Ala, whom they shoot with lightnings.[10][11] | |
| Romanian dragons | Balaur | Balaur are very similar to the Slavic zmey: very large, with fins and multiple heads. | |
| Chuvash dragons | Vere Celen | Chuvash dragons represent the pre-Islamic mythology of the same region. | |
| Asturian dragons | Cuélebre | In Asturian mythology the Cuélebres are giant winged serpents, which live in caves where they guard treasures and kidnapped xanas. They can live for centuries and, when they grow really old, they use their wings to fly. Their breath is poisonous and they often kill cattle to eat. Asturian term Cuelebre comes from Latin colŭbra, i.e. snake. | |
| Portuguese dragons | Coca | In Portuguese mythology coca is a female dragon that fights with Saint George. She loses her strength when Saint George cuts off one of her ears. | |
| Tatar dragons | Zilant | Really closer to a wyvern, the Zilant is the symbol of Kazan. Zilant itself is a Russian rendering of Tatar yılan, i.e. snake. | |
| Turkish dragons | Ejderha or Evren | The Turkish dragon secretes flames from its tail, and there is no mention in any legends of its having wings, or even legs. In fact, most Turkish (and later, Islamic) sources describe dragons as gigantic snakes. | |
| American dragons | |||
| Meso-American dragon | Feathered Serpent | Feathered serpent deity responsible for giving knowledge to mankind, and sometimes also a symbol of death and resurrection. | |
| Inca dragon | Amaru | A dragon (sometimes called a snake) on the Inca culture. The last Inca emperor Tupak Amaru's name means "Lord Dragon" | |
| Brazilian dragon | Boi-tata | A dragon-like animal (sometimes like a snake) of the Brazilian Indian cultures. | |
| Chilean dragon | Caicaivilu and Tentenvilu | Snake-type dragons, Caicaivilu was the sea god and Tentenvilu was the earth god, both from the Chilean island Chiloé. | |
[edit] Notable dragons
[edit] In myth
- Azhi Dahaka was a three-headed demon often characterized as dragon-like in Persian Zoroastrian mythology.
- Similarly, Ugaritic myth describes a seven-headed sea serpent named Lotan.
- The Hydra of Greek mythology is a water serpent with multiple heads with mystic powers. When one was chopped off, two would regrow in its place. This creature was vanquished by Heracles and his nephew Iolaus.
- Smok Wawelski was a Polish dragon who was supposed to have terrorized the hills around Kraków in the early Middle Ages.
- Y Ddraig Goch is now the symbol of Wales (see flag, above), originally appearing as the red dragon from the Mabinogion story Lludd and Llevelys.
- Nidhogg, a dragon in Norse mythology, was said to live in the darkest part of the Underworld, awaiting Ragnarok. At that time he would be released to wreak destruction on the world.
- Orochi, the eight-headed serpent slain by Susanoo in Japanese mythology
- Fafnir, the dragon slain by Sigurd in the saga of the Volsunga Saga
- Zmey Gorynych - The dragon of the Slavic mythology. It's name is translated as "Snake son-of-mountain" (due to the fact it lives in a mountain), it has three heads, wings, and it spits fire.
[edit] In literature and fiction
The Old English epic Beowulf ends with the hero battling a dragon.
Dragons remain fixtures in fantasy books, though portrayals of their nature differ. For example, Smaug, from The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien, who is a classic, European-type dragon; deeply magical, he hoards treasure and burns innocent towns. Contrary to most old folklore and literature J. R. R. Tolkien's dragons are very intelligent and can cast spells over mortals.These books greatly show the mind of a Dragon as well as their capabilties.
A common theme in modern western fantasy and science fiction literature concerning dragons is a partnership between humans and dragons, as featured in Anne McCaffrey's Dragonriders of Pern science fiction series and in Christopher Paolini's Eragon and Eldest. Human interaction between dragons is explained in these books and shows the emotions of them as well.
Dragons are common (especially as non-player characters) in fantasy role-playing games and in some computer fantasy role-playing games. See Dragon (Dungeons & Dragons) for additional information.
On the lighter side, Puff the Magic Dragon was first a poem, later a song made famous by Peter, Paul and Mary, that has become a pop-culture mainstay. Walt Disney Productions' Pete's Dragon (1977), featuring an animated title character named Elliott, is also a very light take on the myth.
[edit] As emblems and mascots
The Dragon is the mascot of Drexel University. Named "Mario the Magnificent," there are depictions of the Drexel Dragon across the Philadelphia campus, including a large statue, banners, and a physical mascot appearing at various Drexel events.
The dragon is the emblem of Ljubljana, Slovenia. The city has a dragon bridge which is embellished with four dragon depictions. The city's basketball club is nicknamed the "Green Dragons". License plates on cars from the city also feature a dragon depiction.
Y Ddraig Goch (IPA: [ə ðraig gox]) (Welsh for the red dragon) appears on the national Flag of Wales (the flag itself is also called the "Draig Goch"), and is the most famous dragon in Britain. There are many legends about y Ddraig Goch.
The dragon is also in the emblem of FC Porto, a sports club from Portugal, which is nicknamed "Dragões" (Dragons). Their football stadium is also nicknamed "Estádio do Dragão" (Dragon Stadium) and has a large bronze Dragon logo at the entrance.
The Chunichi Dragons are a Japanese pro-baseball team that play out of Nagoya, in Aichi Prefecture, Japan.
